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Irwin Allen Ginsberg (; June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997) was an American poet and one of the leading figures of both the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the counterculture that soon would follow. He vigorously opposed militarism, economic materialism and sexual repression and was known as embodying various aspects of this counterculture, such as his views on drugs, hostility to bureaucracy and openness to Eastern religions. Ginsberg is best known for his epic poem "Howl", in which he denounced what he saw as the destructive forces of capitalism and conformity in the United States.〔Ginsberg, Allen (2000), ''Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952–1995''. Foreword by Edward Sanders. New York: Harper Collins, pp. xx–xxi.〕〔de Grazia, Edward. (1992) ''Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Law of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius''. New York: Random House, pp. 330–31.〕〔(About Allen Ginsberg ). pbs.org. December 29, 2002〕 In 1956, Ginsberg's poem "Howl" was seized by San Francisco police and US Customs.〔 In 1957, the poem attracted widespread publicity when it became the subject of an obscenity trial, as it depicted heterosexual and homosexual sex〔Ginsberg, Allen "Howl" pp. 13–15.〕 at a time when sodomy laws made homosexual acts a crime in every U.S. state. "Howl" reflected Ginsberg's own homosexuality and his relationships with a number of men, including Peter Orlovsky, his lifelong partner.〔Kramer, Jane (1968), ''Allen Ginsberg in America''. New York: Random House, pp. 43–46, on Ginsberg's first meeting with Orlovsky and the conditions of their marriage. Also see, Miles, pp. 178–79, on Ginsberg's description of sex with Orlovsky as "one of the first times that I felt open with a boy."〕 Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that "Howl" was not obscene, adding, "Would there be any freedom of press or speech if one must reduce his vocabulary to vapid innocuous euphemisms?"〔de Grazia, Edward. (1992) ''Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Law of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius''. New York: Random House, p. 338.〕 Ginsberg was a practicing Buddhist who studied Eastern religious disciplines extensively. He lived modestly, buying his clothing in second-hand stores and residing in downscale apartments in New York’s East Village.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Allen Ginsberg Project — Bio )〕 One of his most influential teachers was the Tibetan Buddhist the Venerable Chögyam Trungpa, the founder of the Naropa Institute in Boulder, Colorado.〔Miles, pp. 440–44.〕 At Trungpa's urging, Ginsberg and poet Anne Waldman started The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics there in 1974.〔Miles, pp. 454–55.〕 Ginsberg took part in decades of non-violent political protest against everything from the Vietnam War to the War on Drugs.〔Ginsberg, Allen ''Deliberate Prose'', the foreword by Edward Sanders, p. xxi.〕 His poem "September on Jessore Road," calling attention to the plight of Bangladeshi refugees, exemplifies what the literary critic Helen Vendler described as Ginsberg's tireless persistence in protesting against "imperial politics, and persecution of the powerless."〔Vendler, Helen (January 13, 1986) "Books: A Lifelong Poem Including History", ''The New Yorker'', p. 81.〕 His collection ''The Fall of America'' shared the annual U.S. National Book Award for Poetry in 1974.〔 In 1979 he received the National Arts Club gold medal and was inducted into the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters.〔Miles, p. 484.〕 In 1986 he was awarded the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings in Struga, Macedonia.〔(Allen Ginsberg ). strugapoetryevenings.com〕 Ginsberg was a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 1995 for his book ''Cosmopolitan Greetings: Poems 1986–1992''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Pulitzer Prizes | Poetry )〕 ==Biography== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Allen Ginsberg」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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